Iran

Iran is a treasure trove of historical wonders, natural beauty, and cultural depth. A visit to this ancient land begins with its capital, Tehran, where the Golestan Palace—an opulent Qajar-era complex—showcases mirrored halls, marbled courtyards, and royal relics. The National Museum of Iran and the Carpet Museum provide deep insights into the country's complex history and artisanal heritage. Moving south, Isfahan stands out as one of the most architecturally captivating cities in the Islamic world. The awe-inspiring Naqsh-e Jahan Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is surrounded by historic buildings such as the Imam Mosque with its brilliant blue-tiled domes, the Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque known for its delicate beauty, and the ornate Ali Qapu Palace. The iconic Si-o-se-pol Bridge, with its 33 arches stretching across the Zayandeh River, is particularly magical when lit up at night. Shiraz, often referred to as the city of poets and gardens, is home to the tranquil Eram Garden and the tombs of literary giants Hafez and Saadi. The city also serves as the gateway to Persepolis, the ancient ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire, whose towering columns and intricate bas-reliefs echo the grandeur of one of history’s greatest civilizations. Yazd, located on the edge of the desert, is a marvel of adobe architecture and Zoroastrian heritage. The city’s wind towers, the Fire Temple, and the Towers of Silence offer a glimpse into Iran’s pre-Islamic spiritual traditions. The Old Town’s narrow lanes and earthen buildings provide a timeless ambiance unlike any other. In the north, the lush green forests and misty mountains of Gilan and Mazandaran provinces provide a dramatic contrast to the arid center. The Alamut Valley, once the seat of the Assassins, offers rugged landscapes and historical intrigue. Meanwhile, the colorful stepped village of Masuleh, clinging to a misty mountainside, is an architectural and cultural gem.

Iranian cuisine is an intricate tapestry of herbs, saffron, slow-cooked stews, and aromatic rice dishes. One of the most iconic meals is chelow kebab, consisting of succulent grilled meat (often lamb or beef) served alongside steamed saffron rice and grilled tomatoes, typically garnished with sumac. Another beloved dish is ghormeh sabzi, a hearty herb stew made with parsley, fenugreek, kidney beans, dried limes, and lamb, known for its rich and tangy flavor. Fesenjan, a luxurious stew made with ground walnuts and pomegranate molasses, often contains chicken or duck and is traditionally reserved for special occasions. Tahdig, the crispy golden crust of rice that forms at the bottom of the pot, is a coveted delicacy often served with different toppings such as potatoes, bread, or even sliced oranges. Rice dishes like zereshk polo (barberry rice with chicken) and baghali polo (dill and fava bean rice) showcase the Persian mastery of layering flavors and textures. Iranian breakfasts typically include flatbreads like sangak or barbari, served with feta cheese, walnuts, fresh herbs, and sweet toppings like honey or jam. Ash reshteh, a thick noodle and bean soup topped with yogurt and fried onions, is a filling comfort food enjoyed especially during winter or religious events. For dessert, Persian sweets such as baklava, zoolbia-bamieh (deep-fried syrup-soaked pastries), and saffron ice cream are widespread. Tea, or chai, is the national beverage, served black with sugar cubes and often accompanied by dried fruits or rock candy.

Iran has an extensive and generally reliable transportation system that can accommodate travelers of all budgets. For intercity travel, VIP buses are the most comfortable and economical option, offering reclining seats, snacks, and air conditioning. Tickets are easily purchased at bus terminals or through local apps. The train network connects major cities and offers a more scenic and relaxed alternative, especially for long distances like Tehran to Mashhad. Overnight sleeper trains are affordable and include bedding and meals. Air travel within Iran is inexpensive by international standards, and domestic flights link nearly every region of the country. Iran Air and Mahan Air are the two main carriers, although several smaller airlines operate as well. Flights should be booked in advance, especially around holidays. Within cities, taxis are plentiful, but it’s advisable to use ride-hailing apps like Snapp or Tap30, which function similarly to Uber and are safer and more reliable than hailing taxis off the street. Tehran has a well-developed metro system that is fast, clean, and affordable, making it ideal for navigating the sprawling capital. Road conditions vary, but most highways are in good shape. Renting a car is not common for foreigners due to the difficulty in navigating traffic rules and aggressive driving culture. If opting to drive, international driving permits and a working knowledge of Farsi signage are essential. Travelers should carry cash for transportation, as credit cards are not widely accepted due to international banking sanctions. It’s also wise to keep small denominations and loose change for buses, taxis, and tolls.

Despite being a large and diverse country, Iran is a very affordable destination. Accommodation, food, and transportation are inexpensive by international standards. Staying in traditional guesthouses, known as ecolodges, offers a low-cost and culturally immersive alternative to hotels, particularly in cities like Yazd and Kashan. Eating at local eateries and bazaars can cost only a few dollars per meal, especially if you choose dishes like kebabs, dizi (a hearty meat and bean stew), or street-side falafel and samosas. Avoid dining in hotel restaurants or international establishments if you’re on a tight budget. Transport between cities using VIP buses is both cheap and comfortable, costing a fraction of what trains or flights might cost elsewhere. Hitchhiking is also common and culturally acceptable in some rural areas, although travelers should use discretion. Visiting historical sites is quite affordable, with entrance fees often around a dollar or two for Iranians and only slightly higher for foreigners. Opting for local guides instead of organized tours can save money and offer more authentic interactions. Bargaining in bazaars is expected and can reduce the price of souvenirs and crafts. While internet access is restricted, VPNs are inexpensive and essential for accessing popular Western sites and apps. Downloading maps and translation tools in advance can help reduce reliance on Wi-Fi and data.

Iran is generally a safe country for travelers, with low crime rates and a strong cultural emphasis on hospitality. Petty theft is uncommon but can occur in crowded bazaars or public transport, so it’s best to stay vigilant and keep valuables secure. Violent crime is exceedingly rare, and tourists are typically treated with respect and curiosity. Political demonstrations occasionally take place, especially in urban areas, and should be avoided. Foreigners are advised not to engage in political conversations or take photographs of protests or sensitive infrastructure such as police stations and government offices. While the country enforces strict rules about dress and behavior, these are usually applied with some leniency toward foreigners, though visitors are still expected to comply. Alcohol and drugs are strictly forbidden and possession can result in arrest. LGBTQ+ travelers should be aware of Iran’s conservative laws and act with caution in public settings. It’s essential to have comprehensive travel insurance, including medical coverage. Hospitals in major cities offer good care, although facilities in remote regions may be more limited. Tap water is generally safe to drink in cities, but bottled water is widely available and preferred by many travelers. International banking sanctions mean foreign debit and credit cards will not work. All expenses should be paid in cash or through local prepaid travel cards arranged in advance. Having a local SIM card and translation app will also enhance safety and ease of communication.

Iranian culture is deeply rooted in hospitality, respect, and tradition. When visiting someone’s home, it is customary to remove your shoes before entering. Hosts often go out of their way to offer guests food, tea, and conversation, and it is considered polite to initially decline out of modesty before accepting. Compliments should be received with humility, and it’s common to see people insist on paying the bill—a gesture known as “taarof.” This cultural form of exaggerated politeness may lead to offers that aren't meant to be taken literally, so travelers should wait for genuine insistence before accepting. Dress codes are enforced more strictly than in many other countries. Women must wear a headscarf (hijab) in public at all times, along with loose-fitting clothes that cover their arms, legs, and hips. Men should avoid wearing shorts and sleeveless shirts. Inside homes or certain private accommodations, dress codes may be relaxed, but it’s best to follow your host’s lead. Physical contact between non-related men and women in public is discouraged, and couples should refrain from public displays of affection. Shaking hands is acceptable between members of the same gender, but when interacting with the opposite gender, it is polite to wait for the other person to extend their hand first. Photography of government buildings, military sites, and airports is strictly prohibited. Always ask permission before photographing people, particularly women. Showing respect for local religious practices—such as standing quietly during the call to prayer or avoiding loud behavior in mosques—is expected and appreciated.

Iran is a versatile destination that caters to a wide variety of travel styles. History lovers and architecture enthusiasts will be enthralled by the depth and preservation of ancient sites, Islamic art, and historic bazaars. Every city is a living museum, offering centuries of stories in its mosques, gardens, and palaces. Adventure travelers will find plenty to explore, from snow-capped mountains ideal for trekking and skiing to the wind-sculpted dunes of the Lut and Dasht-e Kavir deserts. Activities such as hiking, caving, and mountaineering are available in stunning and varied landscapes across the country. Spiritual travelers and seekers of cultural authenticity will find a welcoming environment in Iran’s poetry readings, Sufi ceremonies, and pilgrimage centers. The country’s emphasis on family, hospitality, and human connection makes for meaningful interactions with locals, especially in more rural regions. Those seeking culinary exploration will be rewarded with a diverse and aromatic cuisine shaped by millennia of cross-cultural exchange. Foodies can join local cooking classes, dine in family-run eateries, and taste flavors that range from herbaceous stews to sweet saffron rice. While backpackers and budget travelers will appreciate the affordability and kindness of local hosts, luxury travelers can enjoy exclusive historical residences, personalized tours, and five-star amenities that highlight Persian elegance.

For low-budget travelers, staying in traditional guesthouses and ecolodges provides an affordable yet immersive experience. The Nartitee Ecolodge in Yazd offers dormitory-style rooms and homemade meals, giving visitors a chance to connect with local culture at minimal cost. In Tehran, See You in Iran Hostel is a social hub for travelers, with clean rooms and helpful staff. Mid-range travelers seeking comfort and local charm can opt for boutique hotels like the Orient Hotel in Yazd, which blends historical architecture with modern amenities. The Dibai House in Isfahan is another charming option, offering elegantly restored rooms within walking distance of Naqsh-e Jahan Square. These hotels usually include breakfast and assistance with travel planning. Luxury travelers will find top-tier options in most major cities. The Espinas Palace in Tehran is a five-star property with expansive views, gourmet restaurants, and modern luxury. In Shiraz, the Zandiyeh Hotel near the historical Vakil Bazaar provides deluxe rooms, a spa, and traditional Iranian hospitality with a modern flair. Such hotels often arrange private tours and airport pickups for maximum comfort.

A common mistake made by many travelers to Iran is underestimating how much cash they’ll need. Due to international banking restrictions, credit and debit cards do not work, so all expenses must be covered in cash or local travel cards. Failing to plan for this can create stressful situations, especially outside major cities. Another misstep is not respecting the local dress code. Female travelers who don’t prepare modest clothing or headscarves may face issues upon arrival, especially at the airport. While enforcement may be lenient in some areas, it’s still important to comply with national regulations to avoid unnecessary complications. Tourists often overlook the importance of understanding taarof, the cultural practice of polite refusal. Accepting something at face value without recognizing the subtleties of this social custom can lead to awkward interactions or overpaying. It’s wise to observe locals or seek guidance on how to respond appropriately. Additionally, relying solely on international apps for navigation or communication can be problematic, as some are blocked in Iran. Downloading maps, VPNs, and translation tools in advance ensures you’ll stay connected and informed. Lastly, travelers sometimes skip lesser-known regions such as Kerman, Tabriz, or Kurdistan in favor of the classic triangle of Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. Exploring off-the-beaten-path destinations can provide some of the richest and most authentic experiences in the country.

Several apps and digital tools can significantly enhance the travel experience in Iran. Snapp and Tap30 are indispensable for getting around urban areas; they function like Uber and offer safer, cheaper alternatives to street taxis. They are widely used in Tehran and other major cities. MAPS.ME and Organic Maps are excellent offline navigation apps, especially in regions with weak data signals or where Google Maps lacks detail. Download maps of your intended destinations in advance to avoid connectivity issues. For communication, Google Translate with the Farsi language pack is helpful, though a Persian-English phrasebook app like “Learn Persian” offers more culturally accurate translations. VPN apps such as Psiphon or Outline are necessary to access blocked services like Instagram, Facebook, or some news websites. Download and test these before arriving. Other useful tools include Iranian Rial currency converters like Bonbast or Rials2USD to stay updated with the real exchange rate, and local weather apps that track the often extreme temperature variations across the country.

For travelers seeking a classic experience, a two-week cultural route might begin in Tehran with its museums and bazaars before heading south to Isfahan for its stunning Islamic architecture. From there, a few days in Yazd will offer a deeper look at Zoroastrian history and desert life. The journey would then conclude in Shiraz with visits to Persepolis and nearby historical sites, offering a powerful blend of art, history, and hospitality. Adventurous travelers could opt for a nature-focused itinerary, starting in the Alborz Mountains north of Tehran for trekking and village stays, then heading toward the Caspian Sea region for forest hikes, local cuisine, and visits to misty mountain towns like Masuleh. Afterward, they might explore the remote Lut Desert, recognized as one of the hottest and most surreal places on Earth, ideal for stargazing and off-road exploration. Spiritual and historical travelers may favor a pilgrimage-inspired itinerary including Mashhad, home to the Imam Reza shrine—the holiest site in Iran for Shia Muslims—and Qom, a center of theological study. These cities, combined with visits to ancient fire temples in Yazd and tranquil gardens in Shiraz, offer a reflective journey through Iran’s spiritual and philosophical heritage.

Iran is home to one of the world’s oldest continuous civilizations, dating back to the Elamite kingdoms in 3200 BCE and later flourishing under the Achaemenid Empire, which stretched from Greece to India. Persian, the primary language of Iran, is one of the oldest languages still in use today, with literary masterpieces like the Shahnameh and the poetry of Rumi and Hafez continuing to influence global literature. The country is also the birthplace of many inventions and traditions. For instance, the concept of the postal system, wind towers (ancient air conditioning), and Qanat (underground aqueducts) were all developed in Persia. Iran is home to the world's largest handmade Persian carpet, displayed in the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Abu Dhabi, but woven in Iran. Iran also boasts one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world—Yazd. Furthermore, the Persian calendar, known for its astronomical accuracy, is still used officially in Iran today. Iranians celebrate Nowruz, the Persian New Year, on the spring equinox—a tradition that’s over 3,000 years old. Despite its conservative global image, Iran has a vibrant and diverse population that includes multiple ethnic groups such as Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Lurs, Arabs, Baloch, and Turkmen. It’s also a nation where poetry, calligraphy, and miniature painting are not only respected as art forms but integrated into daily life and education.